Biology Exam 1
Cells
1. What are the characteristics shared by all living things? Check all that apply.They can whistle ___
They take in food ___
The chemical energy from food drives their chemical processes, enabling them to grow ___
They all drink liquids only ___
They all are mobile ___
To obtain the energy from food, they “burn” it, usually by combining it with oxygen ___
They usually produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products of energy production ___
They produce offspring that grow up to be different organisms ___
They produce offspring that grow up to be like themselves ___
They can respond to the world around them ___
They must remain separated from other living organisms ___
2. Is a virus considered to be a living organism, yes or no? ________
3. A virus is: (circle correct letter)
A. An herbivore
B. An omnivore
C. A parasite
4. All living things start out as: (circle correct letter)
A. An egg sac
B. A single cell
C. A sperm
5. The instructions found within every cell (and also in viruses) which tells it everything it needs to know to grow and maintain its life is called: (circle correct letter)
A. DNA
B. The genetic circle
C. Gram positive
6. DNA molecules are coiled into a ____________ ____________ shape.
7. DNA is found in our chromosomes. Human beings have ________ pairs of chromosomes.
8. DNA is found in every cell of your body, yes or no? __________
9. Name one part of a plant cell that animal cells do not contain: _______________________
10. Which has rigid cell walls, an animal cell or a plant cell? __________________________
Biology - Exam 2
Evolution
1. Who made a now very famous study of a group of islands known as the Galapagos?________________________________________________________________________________
2. He saw evidence of ____________________ among the animals of the islands, meaning that they had changed to meet the requirements of the place where they lived.
3. What species of creature did he study first and what part of their bodies did he note changes
in? _____________________________________________________________________________
4. Name two animals in which enough fossil evidence has been found to show that they changed
over time? ____________________________________________________________________
5. What is this change over time called? ____________________________________________
6. What is the process that takes place over time to create this change? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. What part of our bodies is responsible for this process? _______________________________
8. What was the name of the now very famous book that was published to tell of this slow
change over time? _______________________________________________________________
9. Do many scientists now believe that all living things have descended from a single, common
ancestor, yes or no? __________
10. Who is the father of the classification scheme that scientists around the world use today?
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Fill in the classification scheme, below:
___________________
Phylum
Class
___________________
Family
____________________
____________________
12. There are at least how many kingdoms classified today? ______________________________
13. Name the 5 Kingdoms: ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
14. Which two of these kingdoms are primarily made up of single-celled organisms?
_____________________________________________________________________________
15. The plant kingdom can be divided into what two parts? _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
16. The animal kingdom can be divided into what two parts? ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
17. True animals are made up of many cells, true or false? ______________________________
18. Mushrooms belong to what kingdom? ___________________________________________
19. An amoeba belongs to what kingdom? ___________________________________________
20. Blue-green algae belong to what kingdom? _______________________________________
Biology - Exam 3
Ecology
1. What is ecology? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. It is one of the most important branches of biology due to impacts on our rapidly changing
world, true or false? ______________________________________________________________
3. The word “ecology” is based on a Greek word which means: ____________________________
4. The whole living world is known as the: _____________________________________________
5. Smaller units of the world, which contain a particular set of plants and animals, with a particular set of weather conditions, etc., such as a tropical rain forest, are called:
________________________________________________________________________________
6. The very smallest part of a particular environment that scientists may choose to study, which
may be used by just a few dominant species, is called a: ___________________________________
7. The links between animals and the foods they eat may be called a: _________________________
8. By studying these links, scientists have often been able to show precisely how pollution may
impact various animals and plants, yes or no? ___________________________________________
9. Animals at the top of the predator/prey links will have higher levels of pollutants in their
bodies than animals lower on the chain, true or false? _____________________________________
10. Abandoned land will gradually return to what it once was. This is called:
________________________________________________________________________________
11. The point at which the land has returned completely to its original state is called:
________________________________________________________________________________
12. One type of environment where this return can be easily studied is: _______________________
13. Living things at the bottom of the food links, which make their own food, are called:
________________________________________________________________________________
14. Living things that eat these things at the bottom of the links are called: ____________________
________________________________________________________________________________
15. Living things that in turn eat these second beings in the links are called: ___________________
________________________________________________________________________________
16. What are the creatures called who dispose of the dead remains of other creatures?
________________________________________________________________________________
17. Arrange a food scheme using the following things:
Douglas Fir Tree
Fungi
Lichens
Red Squirrel
Screech Owl
Pileated Woodpecker
Pine Beetle
Great Horned Owl
18. Arrange a food scheme using animals that might come into your neighborhood:
19. Arrange an ocean food scheme using at least 4 creatures:
20. Arrange a food scheme using at least 3 desert creatures:
Biology - Exam 4
Freshwater Life
1. Dissolved substances, such as sugars and salts, play an important part in the biology of everything that lives in fresh water, true or false? ______________________________________
2. Without special measures to protect their bodies, the salt in these animals’ bodies would cause
osmosis to occur and they would swell up and burst, true or false? _________________________
3. What is the organ used by single-celled animals to get rid of excess water in their bodies?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How are fish bodies protected from drawing in excess water? ___________________________
5. How are water insects protected from drawing in excess water? __________________________
6. Water in rivers and lakes is constantly replenished through the hydrological cycle. Tell how this cycle works:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What happens to the salt in seawater when it evaporates? _____________________________
8. Will more types of wildlife be found in the fast flowing, high mountain stream, or in the
slower moving, lowland stream and why? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. How does groundwater differ from the above ground water found in streams? ____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Name three types of living things that live in lakes only when they are young: ____________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. What is the term for the level that separates the warmer water in the upper layer of lake from
the colder water beneath it? _______________________________________________________
12. What is it called when algae undergoes a population explosion? _______________________
13. What happens to lake water in the fall as it begins to cool? ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14. Plants growing in lake water will not grow below a certain level, which is know as:
______________________________________________________________________________
15. The name “amphibian” means what? _____________________________________________
16. What one part of their anatomy probably makes frogs and toads so much more successful
than newts and salamanders? ______________________________________________________
17. Amphibians undergo what process as they grow and develop? _________________________
18. What type of animal life is most abundant in the majority of water habitats? ______________
19. Where are American Eels born? _________________________________________________
20. What are the two types of fish? _________________________________________________
Biology - Exam 5
Sea Life & Seashore
1. How many times per day do tides advance? ___________________________________________2. What causes tides? _______________________________________________________________
3. Which is the kinder habitat, containing more forms of life, a rock beach or a sand beach, and why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Why are muddy shores preferred by so many types of wildlife? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the process which starfish undergo after losing an arm? ________________________
6. The mass of tiny plants and animals that float freely in the open sea is called ______________
7. Shells are made primarily of ____________________________________________________
8. Name the three main groups of mollusks: __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Name one mollusk that has an internal shell: ________________________________________
10. What happens to rockpools while they are cut off from the tide? ________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11. Name three types of cnidarians which all have special stinging cells: _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
12. Are sea anemones mobile? ______________________________________________________
13. Are corals mobile? ____________________________________________________________
14. What is the soft body of the coral animal called? ____________________________________
15. Coral animals grow in _________________ which may be made up of millions of individual
animals and which slowly build up over time into _________________.
16. Name two types of creatures that may live in or with corals? _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
17. Name the fastest growing “plant” on earth: _______________________________________
18. Seaweeds belong in the _______________ family.
19. What holds seaweeds up in the water? ___________________________________________
20. Name two types of animals that like to live among kelp forests: _______________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Biology - Exam 6
Insects and other Invertebrates
1. About how many insects have been identified by scientists thus far? ____________________About how many more are thought to still be unidentified? _____________________________
2. According to scientists, a “bug” is a type of insect that has what two characteristics?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Invertebrate means: ___________________________________________________________
4. Many of the tiniest invertebrates, such as rotifers, live in: _____________________________
5. Many invertebrates are sessile, which means: ______________________________________
6. The world’s largest invertebrate is: ______________________________________________
7. The three parts of the insect body are: ____________________________________________
8. Of all the invertebrates, only the insects have the ability to: ___________________________
9. What type of skeleton do insects have? ___________________________________________
10. What are the only two habitats where insects are not found? _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
11. Air enters an insect’s body through its: _________________________________________
12. Insects many undergo two different types of changes as they grow. These are known as
either ________________ metamorphosis or _______________ metamorphosis.
13. Butterfly eggs hatch into _____________, which grow until they are ready to form a
_____________________, in which ________________________ develops.
14. Moths are active during what time of day? ______________________________________
15. One difference between the bodies of moths and butterflies is? ______________________
16. Ants are known as what type of insects? ________________________________________
Name two other types of insects that also may live in this way: _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
17. What does a honeybee do when it finds a good source of nectar? _____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
18. Name two ways insects protect themselves from predators: _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
19. What do most organisms that live in the soil eat? _________________________________
20. What do most organisms that live in the soil breath? ______________________________
Biology - Exam 7
Birds
1. There are more than how many species of birds on earth? _____________________________2. The largest living bird is: _______________________________________________________
The smallest living bird is a type of: ________________________________________________
3. The first fossilized skeleton of Archaeopteryx, part bird and part reptile, was found in:
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. What body part do birds possess that no other animal possesses? _______________________
5. All birds replace their feathers at least how many times per year? ______________________
6. Birds’ muscles burn fuel at a rate how much faster than mammals? _____________________
7. The projecting breastbone of a bird is called a: _____________________________________
8. Many bird bones are: _________________________________________________________
9. Most birds have a bladder, true or false? __________________________________________
10. Instead of teeth, birds have: ___________________________________________________
11. What sense is most keenly developed in most birds (for example, taste, touch, sight, hearing)?
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. Feathers are made of: ________________________________________________________
13. Many birds digest the soft parts of their prey and the bones, fur, etc. are formed into
__________________ that the bird periodically ________________________.
14. How do birds reproduce? ____________________________________________________
15. How is a developing baby bird nourished? ______________________________________
Biology - Exam 8
Reptiles
1. What is the difference between a reptile egg and the egg of an amphibian? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Reptiles are warm-blooded, yes or no? ____________________________________________
3. Reptiles can be found throughout cold habitats, true or false? __________________________
4. Name three types of reptiles: ____________________________________________________
5. Reptiles are covered in ________________ which are made of ___________________.
6. Most reptiles stay with their eggs until they hatch, true or false? ________________________
7. The most ancient group of reptiles surviving today are the: ___________________________.
8. The largest living reptiles are: ____________________________________.
9. Reptiles are equipped with what part that helps them to hatch from their eggs? ____________
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Snakes have no eyelids, true or false? ___________________________________________
Biology - Exam 9
Mammals
1. The largest creatures living on both land and in the water are part of what group of animals?____________________________________________________________________________
2. The first mammals were small animals that fed mainly on _____________ and lived at a time
when _______________ still ruled the earth.
3. Australia is home to most of a special type of mammals called ________________________.
4. Mammals have how many different types of teeth? _________________________________
5. Mammal young are fed on: ________________________.
6. Mammals are cold-blooded, true or false? ________________________________________
7. All mammals have ______________ somewhere on their bodies, even whales.
8. Mammals cool off by ________________ and ___________________.
9. There are three types of mammals: _______________________________________________
____________________________________.
10. The three rarest mammals all survive in what country? __________________ They all have
their young in what way? ________________________________. The names of these three
types of mammals are: __________________________________________________________.
Botany
Foundations - Week 1
1. What is Botany? What does it mean? What does it include?______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are your favorite areas of botany?___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are plants used for?________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How are plants used to help the environment?______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
__________________________________________________________________
Biennial - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Perennial - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cell Membrane - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cell Wall - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Foundations - Week 2
1. Define the word ‘cell’:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. About how many cells are there in a plant leaf?_____________________________________
Are all cells the same? (Why or why not? How?)______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Are all cells within the same plant the same? (If not, how are they different?)________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the four main elements (chemicals) found in every cell?_______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the four main compounds (essential nutrients) found in the nutritional makeup of
every living cell? _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is protoplasm?__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Name the three main parts of plant cells:___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Plant cells have one more part than animal cells. Name that part:_______________________
Where is that part located?________________________________________________________
What do you think the function(s) of this part is (are):___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is it made of?______________________________________________________________
8. What are chloroplasts?_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are vacuoles?___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
DefinitionsTaxonomy - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Mitochondria - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Nucleus - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany
Foundations - Week 3
1. List the seven taxonomical classifications and tell what each represents: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(Memorize these classifications, in order.)
2. What is a scientific name? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What does binomial nomenclature system mean? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What categories specify what the binomial nomenclature of living things will be? _________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which language is used for naming plants? ________________________________________
6. Write a short biographical report on Carolus Linnaeus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Oxygen - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tissue - ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany
Monocot & Dicot - Week 4
1. Compare and Contrast Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons for the following characteristics:Monocots
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of a monocotyledon plant?_______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a dicotyledon plant?____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the characteristics of a dicotyledon plant?__________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Bilateral symmetry - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Coleoptile - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Coleorhiza - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cotyledon - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Endosperm - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Epicotyl - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Fibrous Roots - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Fibrovascular Bundles - ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany
Monocot & Dicot - Week 5
1. Make a list of five monocotyledon plants: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Make a list of five dicotyledon plants: ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How many petals do monocotyledon flowers have? __________________________________
4. How many petals do dicotyledon flowers have?_____________________________________
Definitions
Hilum - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypocotyl - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Plumule - _________________________________________________________
Radial Symmetry - __________________________________________________
Radicle - __________________________________________________________
Rind - ____________________________________________________________
Seed Coat - ________________________________________________________
Taproot - __________________________________________________________
Vein - ____________________________________________________________
Botany
Roots - Week 6
1. What are the parts of a plant? Make a list, being as detailed as possible: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two main types of roots? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the major functions of roots? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What does food storage mean and how does it apply to plant roots?_____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which root tissue stores starch or sugar in it? Give examples:_________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do the roots absorb from the soil? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What happens to the absorbed material?___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. How do the roots distribute the dissolved food and minerals? __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are root hairs and what is their purpose? ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the root cap and where is it found? _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain how the roots anchor the plant: __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the difference between shallow roots and deep roots? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. What is the cortex of the root? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14. What is the epidermis of the root? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Absorb - __________________________________________________________Absorption - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Adhesion - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Adventitious Root - _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Aerating (or Knee) Root - ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Aerial Root - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Anchor - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Apex - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Buttress Root - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Central Cylinder - ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cohesion - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Dissolved - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Distribution - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany
Roots - Week 7
1. What is phloem? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is xylem? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is a vascular cylinder? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a primary root? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a secondary root? ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is root growth? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Identify at least one type of plant for each type of root system you’ve studied: _____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. How does the term “osmosis” relate to plant roots? __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Research and list some special roots, with info on them and examples (such as prop roots or
adventitious roots):______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Research the term “diffusion”, explaining it and giving an example of it: ________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Fibrous Root - _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Permeable - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Prop Root - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Stele - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Sucker Shoot - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tuber Root - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany
Stems - Week 8
1. Define stem: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List the main functions of stems: ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How does the term transportation apply to stems? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is being transported? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Where is it stored (name specific tissue)? ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. How does the stem support the plant and leaves? ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Identify the external anatomy of stems: ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Define the following terms with words or drawings:
terminal bud - __________________________________________________________________
leaf scar - _____________________________________________________________________
bundle scar - ___________________________________________________________________
vascular bundle - _______________________________________________________________
pith - _________________________________________________________________________
bark - ________________________________________________________________________
cortex - _______________________________________________________________________
phloem - ______________________________________________________________________
xylem - _______________________________________________________________________
epidermis - ____________________________________________________________________
cambium- _____________________________________________________________________
7. Briefly explain the function of the xylem and phloem: _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Research the internal anatomy of stems and define these terms:
vascular tissue - ________________________________________________________________
pith - _________________________________________________________________________
meristems - ____________________________________________________________________
cell division - __________________________________________________________________
mitosis - ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Annual Growth Rings - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Annual Rings - _____________________________________________________
Bud - _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Bud Scale - ________________________________________________________
Cambium - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Herbaceous Plant - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Internode - ________________________________________________________
Lateral Bud - _______________________________________________________
Stems
Botany - Week 91. What are the two types of vascular tissue found in stems? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does mitosis relate to plant growth? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is an ascending stem? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a decumbent stem? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What does stoloniferous mean? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What does repent have to do with the growing habits of stems? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What does procumbent mean? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Make a list of the “special” stems, such as tentrils and stolons. See if you can find at least 7:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Lenticels - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Meristematic Cell - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Meristematic Tissue - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Minerals - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Node - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Scar - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Sieve Plates - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Definitions - Week 10
Sieve Tubes - ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Storage - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Support - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Terminal Bud Scale - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Scars - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Woody Plant - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
If the following terms have not yet been defined, then please define them now:
Regarding types of pith:
Defined - __________________________________________________________
Continuous - _______________________________________________________
Diaphragmed - _____________________________________________________
Chambered - _______________________________________________________
Regarding special stems:
Bulbs - ___________________________________________________________
Corms - ___________________________________________________________
Eyes - ____________________________________________________________
Rhizomes - ________________________________________________________
Stolons - __________________________________________________________
Tendrils - _________________________________________________________
Tubers - __________________________________________________________
Thorns - __________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 11
Leaves
1. Write a definition for “leaf” - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the primary functions of leaves? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the epidermis of a leaf? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is chlorophyll? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
How does chlorophyll relate to leaves and plants? _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the stomata? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is its function? ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are guard cells? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the mesophyll? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What layers make up the mesophyll? ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the two main (anatomical) parts of a leaf? _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the stalk of the leaf called? ______________________________________________
10. What are veins? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Briefly explain what parenchyma tissue is and where it is located in the plant: ____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the cambium? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. What is leaf morphology? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Blade - _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Petiole - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
With regard to leaf structure:
Chloroplasts - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Lower Epidermis - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Palisade Layer - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Phloem and Xylem - _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Spongy Layer - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Upper Epidermis - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Vascular Bundle - ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Leaves
Botany - Week 12 1. Make a list of the main leaf margins: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Define these less common leaf types:Once Pinnate - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tripinnate - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Define any of these leaf margin types that you have not already identified:
Ciliate - Crenate - Crispate - Denticulate - Lacerate - Lacinate - Palmatifid - Pinnatifid - Serrulate - Sinuate - Undulate
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Leaves
Botany - Week 131. Leaves are also sometimes characterized by their structural make-up, such as fleshy, broadleaf, or needle-leaf. Make a list of 3 plants for each of these leaf types:______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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2. Leaf arrangements, or the placement of leaves on the stem, is the final category of leaf identification. Define these related terms:
Alternate - ____________________________________________________________________
Clustered - ____________________________________________________________________
Compound - ___________________________________________________________________
Even-pinnately Compound - ______________________________________________________
Fascicled - ____________________________________________________________________
Imbricate - ____________________________________________________________________
Odd-pinnately Compound - _______________________________________________________
Opposite - _____________________________________________________________________
Perfoliate - ____________________________________________________________________
Simple - ______________________________________________________________________
Whorled - _____________________________________________________________________
3. Find out why leaves change color in autumn and fall from the trees. Define these terms:
xanthophyll - __________________________________________________________________
carotene - _____________________________________________________________________
anthocyanin - __________________________________________________________________
abscission layer - _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. List poisonous plants in your area: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Define “scales” and give examples of plants that might have scales: _____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. How are cacti classified? ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Compare and contrast cacti using the following characteristics:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 141. Define turgor pressure or turgidity: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the thinnest a plant leaf can be? ___________________________________________
How thick is the thickest leaf? _____________________________________________________
Give examples of each: __________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of succulents? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What are their leaves like? ________________________________________________________
How can they survive in the harsh desert environment? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
What does the desert plant life look like after a rain? ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 15
Flowers
1. What are the four basic parts of a flower? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write a definition for flower: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the major function of a flower? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What 3 parts make up the pistil? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which 2 parts make up the stamen? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do you call the small green leaflike structures under the petals? ___________________
7. What makes up the corolla? ____________________________________________________
8. Where is the pollen produced? __________________________________________________
9. What does pollination mean? ___________________________________________________
10. Where are the egg cells or future seeds stored? ____________________________________
11. What is a composite flower? ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the stem of the flower called? ___________________________________________
13. Define complete and incomplete flowers: ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Define any of the following flower related terms not previously defined:Allergies - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Anther - __________________________________________________________
Bract - ____________________________________________________________
Calyx - ___________________________________________________________
Carpel - ___________________________________________________________
Day-neutral plant - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Dioecious - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Disk flowers - ______________________________________________________
Filament - _________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 16
Flowers
1. Compare the way the flowers are arranged on the stem of a rose plant vs. a lilac plant:______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is photoperiodism and how does it affect flowering plants? _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What affect does pollen have on hay fever and allergies? _____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are histamines? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
How do antihistamines work on the body? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the pollen index? ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Look at the news to find the pollen index in your area and report it here: ___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
DefinitionsFlowering Hormone - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Hay Fever - ________________________________________________________
Locule - __________________________________________________________
Long-day plant - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Monoecious - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Ovary - ___________________________________________________________
Pedicel - __________________________________________________________
Pistil - ____________________________________________________________
Pollen - ___________________________________________________________
Receptacle - _______________________________________________________
Stigma - __________________________________________________________
Style - ____________________________________________________________
Zygote - __________________________________________________________
Ray flowers - ______________________________________________________
Short-day plant - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 17
Fruit & Seeds
1. Define “fruit”: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does pollination take place? ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How does fertilization take place? _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What does dry fruit mean (give examples)? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What does fleshy fruit mean (give examples)? ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are simple fruits (give examples)? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What are aggregate fruits (give examples)? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What are multiple fruits (give examples)?__________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are accessory fruits (give examples)? ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. How do you tell the difference between a fruit and a vegetable? _______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Make a list of commonly misnamed fruits or vegetables: ________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
How do you categorize tomatoes and avocados? _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Write a definition of “seed”: ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. List the parts of a seed: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. List at least 5 ways seeds are dispersed: __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Cellular respiration - ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cotyledons - _______________________________________________________
Diastase - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Disperse - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Dormancy - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Embryo - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Fruit & Seeds
Botany - Week 181. What is seed germination? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do seeds need to germinate? _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Are the cotyledons “true leaves”? ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a seedling? ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Is a nut considered a seed? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Is there a “best” depth at which to germinate seeds? _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Endosperm - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Hilum -_____ ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Plumule - _________________________________________________________
Botany - Week 19
Fruit & Seeds
1. Make a list of tropical fruit: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Is a cone a seed? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Make a list of various types of carnivorous plants: ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Tell about their method of feeding: _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Definitions
Radicle - __________________________________________________________Seed case - ________________________________________________________
Seed coat - ________________________________________________________
Starch - ___________________________________________________________
Leaves
DicotsLeaf Veins: ________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________
Leaf Shapes: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Root System: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Flower Petals: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Embryo Parts: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Stem: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Outside Covering: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
