Tests and Workbook Pages for Biology Studies

Tests based on the book How Nature Works.  Most questions are taken from the intro pages to each chapter.  Following this are workbook pages to use along with Kym Wright's Botany Study.

Biology Exam 1
Cells
1. What are the characteristics shared by all living things? Check all that apply.
They can whistle ___
They take in food ___
The chemical energy from food drives their chemical processes, enabling them to grow ___
They all drink liquids only ___
They all are mobile ___
To obtain the energy from food, they “burn” it, usually by combining it with oxygen ___
They usually produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products of energy production ___
They produce offspring that grow up to be different organisms ___
They produce offspring that grow up to be like themselves ___
They can respond to the world around them ___
They must remain separated from other living organisms ___


2. Is a virus considered to be a living organism, yes or no? ________


3. A virus is: (circle correct letter)

A. An herbivore
B. An omnivore
C. A parasite


4. All living things start out as: (circle correct letter)

A. An egg sac
B. A single cell
C. A sperm

5. The instructions found within every cell (and also in viruses) which tells it everything it needs to know to grow and maintain its life is called: (circle correct letter)

A. DNA
B. The genetic circle
C. Gram positive


6. DNA molecules are coiled into a ____________ ____________ shape.


7. DNA is found in our chromosomes. Human beings have ________ pairs of chromosomes.


8. DNA is found in every cell of your body, yes or no? __________


9. Name one part of a plant cell that animal cells do not contain: _______________________


10. Which has rigid cell walls, an animal cell or a plant cell? __________________________






Biology - Exam 2
Evolution
1. Who made a now very famous study of a group of islands known as the Galapagos?

________________________________________________________________________________


2. He saw evidence of ____________________ among the animals of the islands, meaning that they had changed to meet the requirements of the place where they lived.


3. What species of creature did he study first and what part of their bodies did he note changes
in? _____________________________________________________________________________


4. Name two animals in which enough fossil evidence has been found to show that they changed
over time? ____________________________________________________________________


5. What is this change over time called? ____________________________________________

6. What is the process that takes place over time to create this change? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


7. What part of our bodies is responsible for this process? _______________________________


8. What was the name of the now very famous book that was published to tell of this slow
change over time? _______________________________________________________________


9. Do many scientists now believe that all living things have descended from a single, common
ancestor, yes or no? __________

10. Who is the father of the classification scheme that scientists around the world use today?

_____________________________________________________________________________


11. Fill in the classification scheme, below:

___________________

Phylum

Class

___________________

Family

____________________

____________________


12. There are at least how many kingdoms classified today? ______________________________


13. Name the 5 Kingdoms: ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


14. Which two of these kingdoms are primarily made up of single-celled organisms?

_____________________________________________________________________________


15. The plant kingdom can be divided into what two parts? _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

16. The animal kingdom can be divided into what two parts? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


17. True animals are made up of many cells, true or false? ______________________________

18. Mushrooms belong to what kingdom? ___________________________________________


19. An amoeba belongs to what kingdom? ___________________________________________


20. Blue-green algae belong to what kingdom? _______________________________________








Biology - Exam 3
Ecology
1. What is ecology? ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


2. It is one of the most important branches of biology due to impacts on our rapidly changing
world, true or false? ______________________________________________________________


3. The word “ecology” is based on a Greek word which means: ____________________________


4. The whole living world is known as the: _____________________________________________


5. Smaller units of the world, which contain a particular set of plants and animals, with a particular set of weather conditions, etc., such as a tropical rain forest, are called:

________________________________________________________________________________


6. The very smallest part of a particular environment that scientists may choose to study, which
may be used by just a few dominant species, is called a: ___________________________________


7. The links between animals and the foods they eat may be called a: _________________________


8. By studying these links, scientists have often been able to show precisely how pollution may
impact various animals and plants, yes or no? ___________________________________________


9. Animals at the top of the predator/prey links will have higher levels of pollutants in their
bodies than animals lower on the chain, true or false? _____________________________________


10. Abandoned land will gradually return to what it once was. This is called:

________________________________________________________________________________


11. The point at which the land has returned completely to its original state is called:

________________________________________________________________________________


12. One type of environment where this return can be easily studied is: _______________________


13. Living things at the bottom of the food links, which make their own food, are called:

________________________________________________________________________________


14. Living things that eat these things at the bottom of the links are called: ____________________

________________________________________________________________________________


15. Living things that in turn eat these second beings in the links are called: ___________________

________________________________________________________________________________


16. What are the creatures called who dispose of the dead remains of other creatures?

________________________________________________________________________________


17. Arrange a food scheme using the following things:

Douglas Fir Tree
Fungi
Lichens
Red Squirrel
Screech Owl
Pileated Woodpecker
Pine Beetle
Great Horned Owl

18. Arrange a food scheme using animals that might come into your neighborhood:








19. Arrange an ocean food scheme using at least 4 creatures:








20. Arrange a food scheme using at least 3 desert creatures:





Biology - Exam 4
Freshwater Life
1. Dissolved substances, such as sugars and salts, play an important part in the biology of
everything that lives in fresh water, true or false? ______________________________________

2. Without special measures to protect their bodies, the salt in these animals’ bodies would cause
osmosis to occur and they would swell up and burst, true or false? _________________________

3. What is the organ used by single-celled animals to get rid of excess water in their bodies?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. How are fish bodies protected from drawing in excess water? ___________________________

5. How are water insects protected from drawing in excess water? __________________________

6. Water in rivers and lakes is constantly replenished through the hydrological cycle. Tell how this cycle works:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. What happens to the salt in seawater when it evaporates? _____________________________

8. Will more types of wildlife be found in the fast flowing, high mountain stream, or in the
slower moving, lowland stream and why? ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


9. How does groundwater differ from the above ground water found in streams? ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Name three types of living things that live in lakes only when they are young: ____________

______________________________________________________________________________

11. What is the term for the level that separates the warmer water in the upper layer of lake from
the colder water beneath it? _______________________________________________________

12. What is it called when algae undergoes a population explosion? _______________________

13. What happens to lake water in the fall as it begins to cool? ___________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

14. Plants growing in lake water will not grow below a certain level, which is know as:

______________________________________________________________________________

15. The name “amphibian” means what? _____________________________________________

16. What one part of their anatomy probably makes frogs and toads so much more successful
than newts and salamanders? ______________________________________________________

17. Amphibians undergo what process as they grow and develop? _________________________

18. What type of animal life is most abundant in the majority of water habitats? ______________

19. Where are American Eels born? _________________________________________________

20. What are the two types of fish? _________________________________________________





Biology - Exam 5
Sea Life & Seashore
1. How many times per day do tides advance? ___________________________________________

2. What causes tides? _______________________________________________________________

3. Which is the kinder habitat, containing more forms of life, a rock beach or a sand beach, and why?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Why are muddy shores preferred by so many types of wildlife? ________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the process which starfish undergo after losing an arm? ________________________

6. The mass of tiny plants and animals that float freely in the open sea is called ______________

7. Shells are made primarily of ____________________________________________________

8. Name the three main groups of mollusks: __________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Name one mollusk that has an internal shell: ________________________________________

10. What happens to rockpools while they are cut off from the tide? ________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

11. Name three types of cnidarians which all have special stinging cells: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________________________


12. Are sea anemones mobile? ______________________________________________________

13. Are corals mobile? ____________________________________________________________

14. What is the soft body of the coral animal called? ____________________________________

15. Coral animals grow in _________________ which may be made up of millions of individual
animals and which slowly build up over time into _________________.

16. Name two types of creatures that may live in or with corals? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

17. Name the fastest growing “plant” on earth: _______________________________________

18. Seaweeds belong in the _______________ family.

19. What holds seaweeds up in the water? ___________________________________________

20. Name two types of animals that like to live among kelp forests: _______________________

_____________________________________________________________________________





 
 
 
Biology - Exam 6
Insects and other Invertebrates
1. About how many insects have been identified by scientists thus far? ____________________

About how many more are thought to still be unidentified? _____________________________

2. According to scientists, a “bug” is a type of insect that has what two characteristics?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Invertebrate means: ___________________________________________________________

4. Many of the tiniest invertebrates, such as rotifers, live in: _____________________________

5. Many invertebrates are sessile, which means: ______________________________________

6. The world’s largest invertebrate is: ______________________________________________

7. The three parts of the insect body are: ____________________________________________

8. Of all the invertebrates, only the insects have the ability to: ___________________________

9. What type of skeleton do insects have? ___________________________________________

10. What are the only two habitats where insects are not found? _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

11. Air enters an insect’s body through its: _________________________________________

12. Insects many undergo two different types of changes as they grow. These are known as
either ________________ metamorphosis or _______________ metamorphosis.

13. Butterfly eggs hatch into _____________, which grow until they are ready to form a
_____________________, in which ________________________ develops.

14. Moths are active during what time of day? ______________________________________

15. One difference between the bodies of moths and butterflies is? ______________________

16. Ants are known as what type of insects? ________________________________________

Name two other types of insects that also may live in this way: _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

17. What does a honeybee do when it finds a good source of nectar? _____________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

18. Name two ways insects protect themselves from predators: _________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

19. What do most organisms that live in the soil eat? _________________________________

20. What do most organisms that live in the soil breath? ______________________________






Biology - Exam 7
Birds
1. There are more than how many species of birds on earth? _____________________________

2. The largest living bird is: _______________________________________________________

The smallest living bird is a type of: ________________________________________________

3. The first fossilized skeleton of Archaeopteryx, part bird and part reptile, was found in:

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. What body part do birds possess that no other animal possesses? _______________________

5. All birds replace their feathers at least how many times per year? ______________________

6. Birds’ muscles burn fuel at a rate how much faster than mammals? _____________________

7. The projecting breastbone of a bird is called a: _____________________________________

8. Many bird bones are: _________________________________________________________

9. Most birds have a bladder, true or false? __________________________________________

10. Instead of teeth, birds have: ___________________________________________________

11. What sense is most keenly developed in most birds (for example, taste, touch, sight, hearing)?

_____________________________________________________________________________


12. Feathers are made of: ________________________________________________________

13. Many birds digest the soft parts of their prey and the bones, fur, etc. are formed into

__________________ that the bird periodically ________________________.

14. How do birds reproduce? ____________________________________________________

15. How is a developing baby bird nourished? ______________________________________


Biology - Exam 8
Reptiles
1. What is the difference between a reptile egg and the egg of an amphibian? _______________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Reptiles are warm-blooded, yes or no? ____________________________________________

3. Reptiles can be found throughout cold habitats, true or false? __________________________

4. Name three types of reptiles: ____________________________________________________

5. Reptiles are covered in ________________ which are made of ___________________.

6. Most reptiles stay with their eggs until they hatch, true or false? ________________________

7. The most ancient group of reptiles surviving today are the: ___________________________.

8. The largest living reptiles are: ____________________________________.

9. Reptiles are equipped with what part that helps them to hatch from their eggs? ____________

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. Snakes have no eyelids, true or false? ___________________________________________







 
 
 
Biology - Exam 9
Mammals
1. The largest creatures living on both land and in the water are part of what group of animals?

____________________________________________________________________________

2. The first mammals were small animals that fed mainly on _____________ and lived at a time
when _______________ still ruled the earth.

3. Australia is home to most of a special type of mammals called ________________________.

4. Mammals have how many different types of teeth? _________________________________

5. Mammal young are fed on: ________________________.

6. Mammals are cold-blooded, true or false? ________________________________________

7. All mammals have ______________ somewhere on their bodies, even whales.

8. Mammals cool off by ________________ and ___________________.

9. There are three types of mammals: _______________________________________________

____________________________________.

10. The three rarest mammals all survive in what country? __________________ They all have
their young in what way? ________________________________. The names of these three
types of mammals are: __________________________________________________________.




Botany
Foundations - Week 1
1. What is Botany? What does it mean? What does it include?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are your favorite areas of botany?___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are plants used for?________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How are plants used to help the environment?______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Definitions
Annual - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Biennial - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Perennial - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cell Membrane - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cell Wall - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________





Foundations - Week 2
1. Define the word ‘cell’:_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. About how many cells are there in a plant leaf?_____________________________________
Are all cells the same? (Why or why not? How?)______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Are all cells within the same plant the same? (If not, how are they different?)________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the four main elements (chemicals) found in every cell?_______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the four main compounds (essential nutrients) found in the nutritional makeup of
every living cell? _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is protoplasm?__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Name the three main parts of plant cells:___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Plant cells have one more part than animal cells. Name that part:_______________________
Where is that part located?________________________________________________________
What do you think the function(s) of this part is (are):___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is it made of?______________________________________________________________
8. What are chloroplasts?_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are vacuoles?___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________




DefinitionsTaxonomy - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cytoplasm - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Mitochondria - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Nucleus - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________



Botany
Foundations - Week 3
1. List the seven taxonomical classifications and tell what each represents: _________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
(Memorize these classifications, in order.)
2. What is a scientific name? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What does binomial nomenclature system mean? ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What categories specify what the binomial nomenclature of living things will be? _________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which language is used for naming plants? ________________________________________
6. Write a short biographical report on Carolus Linnaeus.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________



Definitions
Oxygen - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tissue - ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________



Botany
Monocot & Dicot - Week 4
1. Compare and Contrast Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons for the following characteristics:

Monocots
2. What is a monocotyledon plant? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of a monocotyledon plant?_______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a dicotyledon plant?____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the characteristics of a dicotyledon plant?__________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________





Definitions
Bilateral symmetry - _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Coleoptile - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Coleorhiza - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cotyledon - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Endosperm - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Epicotyl - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Fibrous Roots - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Fibrovascular Bundles - ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________


Botany
Monocot & Dicot - Week 5
1. Make a list of five monocotyledon plants: _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Make a list of five dicotyledon plants: ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How many petals do monocotyledon flowers have? __________________________________
4. How many petals do dicotyledon flowers have?_____________________________________



Definitions
Hilum - ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Hypocotyl - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Plumule - _________________________________________________________
Radial Symmetry - __________________________________________________
Radicle - __________________________________________________________
Rind - ____________________________________________________________
Seed Coat - ________________________________________________________
Taproot - __________________________________________________________
Vein - ____________________________________________________________




Botany
Roots - Week 6
1. What are the parts of a plant? Make a list, being as detailed as possible: _________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two main types of roots? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the major functions of roots? ____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What does food storage mean and how does it apply to plant roots?_____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Which root tissue stores starch or sugar in it? Give examples:_________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do the roots absorb from the soil? ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. What happens to the absorbed material?___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________


8. How do the roots distribute the dissolved food and minerals? __________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are root hairs and what is their purpose? ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the root cap and where is it found? _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain how the roots anchor the plant: __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the difference between shallow roots and deep roots? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. What is the cortex of the root? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
14. What is the epidermis of the root? ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________









Definitions
Absorb - __________________________________________________________
Absorption - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Adhesion - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Adventitious Root - _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Aerating (or Knee) Root - ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Aerial Root - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Anchor - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Apex - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Buttress Root - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Central Cylinder - ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Cohesion - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Dissolved - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Distribution - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________




Botany
Roots - Week 7
 1. What is phloem? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is xylem? ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is a vascular cylinder? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a primary root? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a secondary root? ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What is root growth? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Identify at least one type of plant for each type of root system you’ve studied: _____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________


8. How does the term “osmosis” relate to plant roots? __________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Research and list some special roots, with info on them and examples (such as prop roots or
adventitious roots):______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Research the term “diffusion”, explaining it and giving an example of it: ________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________






Definitions
Fibrous Root - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Permeable - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Prop Root - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Stele - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Sucker Shoot - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tuber Root - _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________





Botany
Stems - Week 8
1. Define stem: ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. List the main functions of stems: ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How does the term transportation apply to stems? ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is being transported? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Where is it stored (name specific tissue)? ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. How does the stem support the plant and leaves? ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Identify the external anatomy of stems: ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Define the following terms with words or drawings:
terminal bud - __________________________________________________________________
leaf scar - _____________________________________________________________________
bundle scar - ___________________________________________________________________
vascular bundle - _______________________________________________________________
pith - _________________________________________________________________________
bark - ________________________________________________________________________
cortex - _______________________________________________________________________
phloem - ______________________________________________________________________
xylem - _______________________________________________________________________
epidermis - ____________________________________________________________________
cambium- _____________________________________________________________________
7. Briefly explain the function of the xylem and phloem: _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Research the internal anatomy of stems and define these terms:
vascular tissue - ________________________________________________________________
pith - _________________________________________________________________________

meristems - ____________________________________________________________________
cell division - __________________________________________________________________
mitosis - ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________






Definitions
Annual Growth Rings - ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Annual Rings - _____________________________________________________
Bud - _____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Bud Scale - ________________________________________________________
Cambium - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Herbaceous Plant - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Internode - ________________________________________________________
Lateral Bud - _______________________________________________________






Stems
Botany - Week 91. What are the two types of vascular tissue found in stems? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does mitosis relate to plant growth? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is an ascending stem? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is a decumbent stem? ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What does stoloniferous mean? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What does repent have to do with the growing habits of stems? ________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

7. What does procumbent mean? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Make a list of the “special” stems, such as tentrils and stolons. See if you can find at least 7:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________







Definitions
Lenticels - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Meristematic Cell - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Meristematic Tissue - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Minerals - _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Node - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Scar - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Sieve Plates - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________





Definitions - Week 10
Sieve Tubes - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Storage - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Support - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Terminal Bud Scale - ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Scars - ____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Woody Plant - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
If the following terms have not yet been defined, then please define them now:
Regarding types of pith:
Defined - __________________________________________________________
Continuous - _______________________________________________________
Diaphragmed - _____________________________________________________
Chambered - _______________________________________________________

Regarding special stems:
Bulbs - ___________________________________________________________
Corms - ___________________________________________________________
Eyes - ____________________________________________________________
Rhizomes - ________________________________________________________
Stolons - __________________________________________________________
Tendrils - _________________________________________________________
Tubers - __________________________________________________________
Thorns - __________________________________________________________





Botany - Week 11
Leaves
1. Write a definition for “leaf” - ___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the primary functions of leaves? _________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the epidermis of a leaf? _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is chlorophyll? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
How does chlorophyll relate to leaves and plants? _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the stomata? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What is its function? ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What are guard cells? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the mesophyll? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What layers make up the mesophyll? ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What are the two main (anatomical) parts of a leaf? _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the stalk of the leaf called? ______________________________________________
10. What are veins? _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
11. Briefly explain what parenchyma tissue is and where it is located in the plant: ____________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the cambium? ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
13. What is leaf morphology? _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________






Definitions
Blade - ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Petiole - __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
With regard to leaf structure:
Chloroplasts - ______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Lower Epidermis - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Palisade Layer - ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Phloem and Xylem - _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Spongy Layer - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Upper Epidermis - __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Vascular Bundle - ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________







Leaves
Botany - Week 12 1. Make a list of the main leaf margins: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Definitions
Define these less common leaf types:
Once Pinnate - _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Tripinnate - ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Define any of these leaf margin types that you have not already identified:
Ciliate - Crenate - Crispate - Denticulate - Lacerate - Lacinate - Palmatifid - Pinnatifid - Serrulate - Sinuate - Undulate
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Leaves
Botany - Week 131. Leaves are also sometimes characterized by their structural make-up, such as fleshy, broadleaf, or needle-leaf. Make a list of 3 plants for each of these leaf types:
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2. Leaf arrangements, or the placement of leaves on the stem, is the final category of leaf identification. Define these related terms:
Alternate - ____________________________________________________________________
Clustered - ____________________________________________________________________
Compound - ___________________________________________________________________
Even-pinnately Compound - ______________________________________________________
Fascicled - ____________________________________________________________________
Imbricate - ____________________________________________________________________
Odd-pinnately Compound - _______________________________________________________

Opposite - _____________________________________________________________________
Perfoliate - ____________________________________________________________________
Simple - ______________________________________________________________________
Whorled - _____________________________________________________________________
3. Find out why leaves change color in autumn and fall from the trees. Define these terms:
xanthophyll - __________________________________________________________________
carotene - _____________________________________________________________________
anthocyanin - __________________________________________________________________
abscission layer - _______________________________________________________________
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4. List poisonous plants in your area: _______________________________________________
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5. Define “scales” and give examples of plants that might have scales: _____________________
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6. How are cacti classified? ______________________________________________________
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Compare and contrast cacti using the following characteristics:
Height Spikes Flowers Habitat______________________________________________________________________________
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Botany - Week 141. Define turgor pressure or turgidity: _______________________________________________
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2. What is the thinnest a plant leaf can be? ___________________________________________
How thick is the thickest leaf? _____________________________________________________
Give examples of each: __________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of succulents? _________________________________________
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What are their leaves like? ________________________________________________________
How can they survive in the harsh desert environment? _________________________________
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What does the desert plant life look like after a rain? ___________________________________
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Botany - Week 15
Flowers
1. What are the four basic parts of a flower? _________________________________________
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2. Write a definition for flower: ___________________________________________________
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3. What is the major function of a flower? ___________________________________________
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4. What 3 parts make up the pistil? _________________________________________________
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5. Which 2 parts make up the stamen? ______________________________________________
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6. What do you call the small green leaflike structures under the petals? ___________________
7. What makes up the corolla? ____________________________________________________
8. Where is the pollen produced? __________________________________________________
9. What does pollination mean? ___________________________________________________
10. Where are the egg cells or future seeds stored? ____________________________________
11. What is a composite flower? ___________________________________________________
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12. What is the stem of the flower called? ___________________________________________
13. Define complete and incomplete flowers: ________________________________________
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Definitions
Define any of the following flower related terms not previously defined:
Allergies - _________________________________________________________
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Anther - __________________________________________________________
Bract - ____________________________________________________________
Calyx - ___________________________________________________________
Carpel - ___________________________________________________________
Day-neutral plant - __________________________________________________
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Dioecious - ________________________________________________________
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Disk flowers - ______________________________________________________
Filament - _________________________________________________________





Botany - Week 16
Flowers
1. Compare the way the flowers are arranged on the stem of a rose plant vs. a lilac plant:
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2. What is photoperiodism and how does it affect flowering plants? _______________________
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3. What affect does pollen have on hay fever and allergies? _____________________________
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4. What are histamines? _________________________________________________________
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How do antihistamines work on the body? ___________________________________________
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5. What is the pollen index? ______________________________________________________

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Look at the news to find the pollen index in your area and report it here: ___________________
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DefinitionsFlowering Hormone - ________________________________________________
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Hay Fever - ________________________________________________________
Locule - __________________________________________________________
Long-day plant - ____________________________________________________
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Monoecious - ______________________________________________________
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Ovary - ___________________________________________________________
Pedicel - __________________________________________________________
Pistil - ____________________________________________________________
Pollen - ___________________________________________________________
Receptacle - _______________________________________________________
Stigma - __________________________________________________________
Style - ____________________________________________________________
Zygote - __________________________________________________________
Ray flowers - ______________________________________________________
Short-day plant - ____________________________________________________
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Botany - Week 17
Fruit & Seeds
1. Define “fruit”: _______________________________________________________________
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2. How does pollination take place? ________________________________________________
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3. How does fertilization take place? _______________________________________________
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4. What does dry fruit mean (give examples)? ________________________________________
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5. What does fleshy fruit mean (give examples)? ______________________________________
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6. What are simple fruits (give examples)? __________________________________________
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7. What are aggregate fruits (give examples)? ________________________________________
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8. What are multiple fruits (give examples)?__________________________________________

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9. What are accessory fruits (give examples)? ________________________________________
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10. How do you tell the difference between a fruit and a vegetable? _______________________
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Make a list of commonly misnamed fruits or vegetables: ________________________________
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How do you categorize tomatoes and avocados? _______________________________________
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11. Write a definition of “seed”: ___________________________________________________
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12. List the parts of a seed: _______________________________________________________
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13. List at least 5 ways seeds are dispersed: __________________________________________
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Definitions
Cellular respiration - _________________________________________________
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Cotyledons - _______________________________________________________
Diastase - _________________________________________________________
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Disperse - _________________________________________________________
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Dormancy - ________________________________________________________
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Embryo - __________________________________________________________
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Fruit & Seeds
Botany - Week 181. What is seed germination? _____________________________________________________
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2. What do seeds need to germinate? _______________________________________________
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3. Are the cotyledons “true leaves”? ________________________________________________
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4. What is a seedling? ___________________________________________________________
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5. Is a nut considered a seed? _____________________________________________________
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6. Is there a “best” depth at which to germinate seeds? _________________________________
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Definitions
Endosperm - _______________________________________________________
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Hilum -_____ ______________________________________________________
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Plumule - _________________________________________________________



Botany - Week 19
Fruit & Seeds
1. Make a list of tropical fruit: ____________________________________________________
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2. Is a cone a seed? _____________________________________________________________
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3. Make a list of various types of carnivorous plants: ___________________________________
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Tell about their method of feeding: _________________________________________________
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Definitions
Radicle - __________________________________________________________
Seed case - ________________________________________________________
Seed coat - ________________________________________________________
Starch - ___________________________________________________________












Leaves
DicotsLeaf Veins: ________________________ ________________________
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Leaf Shapes: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Root System: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Flower Petals: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Embryo Parts: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Stem: ________________________ ________________________
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Outside Covering: ________________________ ________________________
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